A labelled nephron cross-section. Top: Afferent Arteriole and Efferent Arteriole feeding a glomerular tuft of Capillary Loops inside Bowman's Space. Below it, a tubule runs down as PCT, bends through the Loop of Henle, rises as DCT, and drains into the Collecting Duct.

Draws the exact boundary the text only states in words: arterioles/capillary loops/Bowman's space are the glomerulus; PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT and collecting duct are the tubule — the structures this disease involves while sparing the glomerulus. The diagram also draws the glomerular structures (arterioles, capillary loops) in red against black tubule lines, matching her red highlighting of 'outside the glomerulus', 'tubules' and 'interstitium' in the text beside it.

A stained kidney biopsy micrograph with arrows to four labelled findings: Inflammatory Cell Infiltrate (two separate patches of interstitium), Eosinophils, Tubulitis ("inflammatory cells in tubular wall") pointing into a tubule lumen, and Neutrophils in peritubular capillary pointing to a capillary. A decorative cartoon eosinophil icon sits top-left.

Names two findings the text bullet never states: tubulitis (inflammatory cells inside the tubular wall itself) and neutrophils specifically in the peritubular capillary — the text only says "interstitial cellular infiltrate often including eosinophils, with variable tubular necrosis." Her own emphasis, separately: Interstitial is bolded and eosinophils is highlighted yellow in the bullet text itself — the conversion keeps the words and drops both.

Two clinical photographs, no labels or arrows. Left: close-up of an upper arm/shoulder with a widespread, confluent, blanching erythematous maculopapular (morbilliform) rash. Right: a forearm on a green surgical drape showing a diffuse, finer erythematous maculopapular rash over the skin.

This slide has no bullet text of its own — the heading "Clinical features" carries nothing else. It is the only place in the deck that shows what the drug rash actually looks like: a confluent, blanching, morbilliform eruption, illustrating the "fever, arthralgia, skin rashes" bullet from the earlier Clinical picture slide (the row above), which only names the finding.

The same three bulleted lists as the text (metabolic, infection, miscellaneous), with 'Balkan nephropathy' and 'Herbal nephropathy' highlighted in yellow. No other bullet is highlighted, and no extra causes or values are drawn.

The yellow highlighting singles out Balkan nephropathy and herbal nephropathy specifically — an emphasis no text line states.

A labelled kidney outline captioned "Papillary necrosis — Always bilateral", with five pointer labels: Spurs and Hooks mark irregular calyceal outlines; Ring sign marks a sloughed papilla sitting free within a calyx; Clubbed calyces (sloughed papilla) marks a calyx left rounded after a papilla detaches; No loss of cortex is labelled on the outer kidney margin.

Every one of these five findings — spurs, hooks, ring sign, clubbed/sloughed-papilla calyces, preserved cortex, and that the process is always bilateral — is stated nowhere in the text rows; the bullets above only give mechanism and risk factors. Her own emphasis, separately: the risk-factor bullet beside the diagram highlights phenacetin, aspirin, and caffeine or phenacetin-acetaminophen or NSAIDs in red — not part of the diagram and not captured in this reading.

A coronal contrast CT of the abdomen labelled "Papillary necrosis" at left. Two arrowheads point into the left kidney's collecting-system region, marking a filling defect/lucency at the renal papilla consistent with a sloughed papilla; the right kidney shows no such marked defect. A speaker icon (audio) sits at bottom right.

The radiologic (CT) correlate of papillary necrosis — an arrow-marked filling defect in the affected papilla — which no other slide in this lecture shows.

A classification of urinary outflow obstruction by anatomic level, each level labelled with its own causes: Pelvis — calculi, tumours, ureteropelvic stricture; Ureter (intrinsic) — calculi, tumours, clots, sloughed papillae, inflammation; Ureter (extrinsic) — pregnancy, tumours (e.g. cervix), retroperitoneal fibrosis; a separate Vesicoureteral reflux label with no causes given; Bladder — calculi, tumours, functional (e.g. neurogenic); Urethra — posterior valve stricture, tumours (rare); Prostate — hyperplasia, carcinoma, prostatitis. Referenced to Robins Pathological Basis of Diseases, 6th ed.

The labels are organised by anatomic level along the outflow tract, which the flat run of text lines does not itself display as one ordered structure.

A plain abdominal X-ray (KUB) under the title 'Nephrocalcinosis'. Both kidneys show dense, clustered calcific densities within the renal outlines, more extensive on the right; two round radiopaque ring markers sit near the midline over the pelvis. Side markers 'R' and 'L' orient the film. No other labels or captions.

The actual radiographic pattern of bilateral nephrocalcinosis — clustered renal calcifications on plain film — which no text line in this lecture describes; the surrounding text (the row above, slide 40) only states that imaging 'may reveal nephrocalcinosis' without showing what that looks like.